Witnessing a drug overdose can be frightening and overwhelming, but knowing how to respond could save a life. Overdose emergencies are on the rise in many communities and can involve prescription medications, illicit drugs, or even alcohol. Acting quickly and calmly is vital—not just for the person overdosing, but for everyone involved. Here’s what you need to know and do if you’re faced with this critical situation.
Recognizing an Overdose: Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of an overdose can vary depending on the substance; however, common warning signs include:
- Unconsciousness or inability to wake up
- Slow, irregular, or absent breathing
- Blue or gray skin, lips, or fingernails
- Seizures or convulsions
- Vomiting or choking sounds
- Pinpoint or enlarged pupils
- Confusion, delirium, or extreme agitation (in some cases)
If you notice any of these signs, assume it’s an overdose—err on the side of caution and take immediate action.
First Steps: Stay Calm and Assess the Situation
It’s natural to panic in an emergency, but your calmness can help others stay focused and safe. Quickly assess the scene for your own safety and check for responsiveness by gently shaking the person or calling their name. If they aren’t waking, breathing, or are gasping, this is a life-threatening emergency.
Call for Help Immediately
Dial 911 (or your local emergency number) without delay. Clearly tell the dispatcher your location, what substance may have been taken (if known), and the person’s symptoms. Do not worry about getting in trouble—most places have Good Samaritan laws that protect people who seek help in an overdose situation from certain legal consequences. Stay on the line and follow any instructions the dispatcher gives.
Administer Medicine if Available
If the overdose may involve opioids (such as heroin, fentanyl, or prescription painkillers), and you have access to naloxone (Narcan), administer it right away following the package instructions. Naloxone can reverse the effects of opioid overdose and is safe to use even if you are unsure what was taken. Many states make naloxone available without a prescription at pharmacies and train community members in its use. Keep the person lying on their back and be prepared to administer a second dose if they don’t improve in 2-3 minutes.
Focus on Airway and Breathing
If the person is not breathing or only gasping, begin rescue breathing or chest compressions if you are trained in CPR. Clear the airway of any visible obstructions, such as vomit, and gently tilt the head back to open the airway. Stay with the person, monitoring their breathing and heart rate until professional help arrives.
Consider Their Mental State and Aftercare
Even if the person regains consciousness, their mental state may be confused, agitated, or scared. Offer reassurance and keep them calm—but do not let them use more substances, eat, or drink. Many people who survive overdoses also struggle with mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, or trauma. Encourage follow-up with medical and mental health professionals so they can receive ongoing support and reduce the risk of another episode.
Prevention, Compassion, and Breaking the Stigma
Overdose can happen to anyone, from teens experimenting for the first time to older adults managing chronic pain. Education, open conversations, and carrying naloxone can save lives. Most importantly, respond with compassion—not judgment—when someone overdoses. Shame and fear prevent people from seeking help; together, we can break the stigma and encourage everyone to reach out before it’s too late.
Final Thoughts: Be Ready, Be Compassionate
Knowing how to respond to an overdose makes you a protector in your community. Recognize the signs, call for help, give naloxone if possible, and stay with the person until professionals arrive. Mental well-being and recovery are ongoing processes—support and kindness can give someone the second chance they need.
If you or someone you know is struggling with substance use, resources and help are available—reach out, because lives can be saved every day.